Scientific Sessions

Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-rich plaques within arterial walls, leading to narrowing, stiffening, and impaired blood flow. It is a major underlying cause of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The endothelium, a thin layer of cells lining the blood vessels, normally regulates vascular tone, inhibits thrombosis, and controls inflammatory responses. Factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and oxidative stress can impair endothelial function, resulting in reduced nitric oxide availability, increased vascular permeability, and a pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic state that promotes plaque formation.

Recent research has emphasized the molecular and cellular mechanisms linking endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis. Dysregulated signaling pathways, oxidative stress, immune cell activation, and chronic inflammation contribute to plaque instability and the risk of acute vascular events. Diagnostic techniques, including flow-mediated dilation, circulating biomarkers, and advanced vascular imaging, allow early detection of endothelial impairment and atherosclerotic lesions. Management strategies combine lifestyle interventions, such as a heart-healthy diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation, with pharmacological therapies including statins, antihypertensives, antiplatelets, and novel agents targeting inflammation and lipid metabolism. Emerging treatments focusing on endothelial repair, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy hold promise for reversing vascular damage and reducing the burden of atherosclerotic disease. Understanding the interplay between endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis is vital for preventing cardiovascular complications and improving long-term vascular health.